Anatomy, Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

Kyung Shik Suh, M.D.


°¡) ¿Üºñ External Nose

ÄÚÀÇ ÁöÁö ±¸Á¶
1) °ñºÎ
2) ¿¬°ñºÎ
3) °áüÁ¶Á÷

1. °ñºÎ bony pyramid - À§ 1 / 3

1) ºñ°ñ nasal bone - Á¿ì 2°³
2) frontal process of maxilla »ó¾Ç°ñÀÇ ÀüµÎµ¹±â - ¿·
3) ÀüµÎ°ñfrontal bone -À§

2. ¿¬°ñºÎ - cartilaginous vault - ¾Æ·¡ 2 / 3

1) upper lateral = lateral nasal = triangular cartilage
»óÃøºñ¿¬°ñ, ¿ÜÃøºñ¿¬°ñ

2) lower lateral = greater alar cartilage
ÇÏÃøºñ¿¬°ñ, ´ëºñÀÍ¿¬°ñ
a) lateral crus ¿Üºñ°¢
b) medial crus ³»ºñ°¢

3) lesser alar = lesser alar cartilage
¼ÒºñÀÍ ¿¬°ñ

4) accessory = sesamoid cartilage
ºÎºñ¿¬°ñ

5) septal = quadrangular cartilage
ºñÁß°Ý¿¬°ñ

ÄÚÀÇ °ñºÎ¿Í ¿¬°ñºÎÀÇ ¸ð¾ç shape, À§Ä¡ position, ¼º»ó propertiesÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ÄÚÀÇ ÇüÅÂ¿Í ¾ó±¼ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ Á¶È­¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϰí, ºñ°­ÀÇ ±â´É¿¡µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù.

3. ¿ÜºñÀÇ Ç÷°üºÐÆ÷

1) ¾È¸éµ¿¸Æ facial artery and its branches
2) ºñ¹èµ¿¸Æ dorsal nasal artery from ophthalmic artery
3) ¾È°¢Á¤¸Æ angular vein- ÀÓ»óÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿ä

a thrombophlebitis arising from a furuncle of the upper lip or the nose can spread via the ophthalmic vein to the cavernous sinus ÇØ¸éÁ¤¸Æµ¿to cause a cavernous sinus thrombosis(or thrombophlebitis) ÇØ¸éÁ¤¸Æµ¿Ç÷ÀüÁõ

Danger area of face : glabella ¹Ì°£- mouth corners ±¸°¢À» ÀÕ´Â »ï°¢

4. ¿ÜºñÀÇ °¨°¢½Å°æ - »ïÂ÷½Å°æÀÇ Á¦ 1 ¹× Á¦ 2 ºÐÁö

1) ophthalmic nerve ¾È½Å°æ

a. nasociliary ºñ¸ð¾çü½Å°æ
b. external nasal ¿Üºñ½Å°æ
c. infratrochlear ȰÂ÷ÇϽŰæ

2) maxillary nerve »ó¾Ç½Å°æ

infraorbital nerve ¾È¿ÍÇϽŰæ


5. ¿Üºñ±ÙÀ°- ¿îµ¿½Å°æÀº ¾È¸é½Å°æÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

1) procerus ´«»ì±Ù
2) nasalis (transverse + alar parts) ÄÚ±Ù, ºñ±Ù
3) levator labii superioris alaeque nasi À­ÀÔ¼ú Äà¹æ¿ï ¿Ã¸²±Ù, »ó¼øºñÀͰűÙ
4) depressor septi Á߰ݳ»¸²±Ù, ºñÁß°ÝÇÏü±Ù
5) dilator naris (anterior + posterior) ºñÀÍÈ®´ë±Ù

¿ë¾î Á¤¸®


ÄÚÀÇ Ç¥ÁöÁ¡

dorsum =dorsum nasi ºñ¹è
tip =apex nasi ºñ÷
nasal root = nasion =radix nasi ºñ±Ù
rhinion ºñ°øÁ¡
alae nasi = ºñÀÍ

ÄÚ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹æÇâ

dorsal
caudal
ventral
cephalic

ÄÚ ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ Ç¥ÁöÁ¡

philtrum ÀÎÁß
glabella ¹Ì°£
subnasaleºñÇÏ
pogonion
menton =mentum Åγ¡, À̺Î

¹ÌÇÐÀû Ç¥±â ¹× Ç¥ÁöÁ¡

nasal index
Frankfort horizontal
trichion
orbitale
tragion
nasofrontal angle ºñÀüµÎ°¢
nasolabial angle ºñ¼ø°¢

¡¡

³ª) ºñ°­ Nasal Cavity

ºñ°­Àº ºñÁß°Ý nasal septum¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¾çÃøÀ¸·Î ³ª´µ¾î Áø´Ù.
º¸ÅëÀº ¾çÃøÀÇ Å©±â°¡ ºñ½Á
ºñÁß°ÝÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¾à 70 %¿¡¼­ ÈÖ¾î deviation ÀÖ´Ù.

ºñ°­Àº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ 2 ºÎÀ§·Î ¼¼ºÐÇÑ´Ù.

1) ºñÀüÁ¤ºÎnasal vestibule
ºñ¿ª nasal valve = limen nasi
2) ºñ°­ºÎnasal cavity proper

1. ºñÀüÁ¤ nasal vestibuli (vestibule)
¿Üºñ°ø anterior nares Ä౸¸Û
ÄàÅÐ(vibrissae, ºñ¸ð) °ú ÇÇÁö¼±sebaceous glands
»óÇÇ epidermis -stratified squamous epithelium
¸ð³¶hair follicles: ºñ Á¾±â nasal furuncleÀÇ ¿øÀÎ

°¨º°Áø´Ü : ºñÀüÁ¤¿° nasal vesibulitis vs ºñÁ¾±âÁõ nasal folliculitis

1) ºñÀüÁ¤ÀÇ ³»Ãøº®
¿¬°ñ¼º ºñÁß°Ý
connective tissue septum =
columella(ºñÁÖ)

2) ºñÀüÁ¤ÀÇ ÃµÁ¤
medial crus of lower lateral or alar cartilage
medial crus extends into the columella

3) ºñÀüÁ¤ÀÇ Ãøº®
lateral crus of lower lateral cartilage
crus, pl. crura

4) lower lateral cartilage: ÄÚ³¡(ºñ÷ºÎ)°ú Ä౸¸Û(¿Üºñ°ø)ÀÇ ¸ð¾çÀ» °áÁ¤

2. ºñ¿ª nasal valve or limen nasi

Cottle's area 2, limen vestibuli
»ý¸®ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎÀ§
ºñÀüÁ¤ºÎ¿Í ºñ°­ÀÇ °æ°è¿¡ À§Ä¡

# Nasal valve area #

nasal valve(2Â÷¿ø)¿Í nasal valve area(3Â÷¿ø)´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù.

1) caudal prominence of upper lateral or triangular cartilage laterally = nasal valve
2) nasal septum medially
3) anterior end of inferior turbinate
4) nasal floor(icluding erectile tissues)À¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ 3 dimensional structures.

: main determinant of nasal air-flow
Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î Äھȿ¡¼­ ´Ü¸éÀûÀÌ Á¦ÀÏ Á¼Àº ºÎÀ§°¡ Æ÷ÇÔ µÈ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºñÈ£Èí¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù.

3. ºñ°­ nasal cavity

ºñ¿ªnasal valve ºÎÅÍ Èĺñ°øchoana ±îÁö
ºñ°­ Ãøº®ÀÇ ÇØºÎ- Áß¿ä

1) 3 °³ÀÇ ºñ°©°³(ÄÚ¼±¹Ý) nasal turbinates
ÇϺñ°©°³°ñinferior turbinate bone Àº µ¶¸³µÈ »À
2) Á¢Çüµ¿À» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ºÎºñ°­ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬±¸°¡ ¿­¸°´Ù.
3) ºñ·ç°ünasolacrimal duct ÀÌ ¿­¸°´Ù-ÇϺñµµ
4) »ó, Áß, ÇϺñµµmeatus ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ºñ°©°³ÀÇ ¾Æ·¡·Î Á¸Àç

a) ÇϺñµµinferior meatus
ºñ·ç°ünasolacrimal duct ¿­¸²
b) Áߺñµµmiddle meatus
ºñÀüµÎ°ü nasofrontal duct
Àü»ç°ñµ¿ anterior ethmoid cellsÀÇ ¹è¼³ Åë·Î
»ó¾Çµ¿ maxillary antrum
c) »óºñµµsuperior meatus
ÈÄ»ç°ñµ¿ posterior ethmoid cells
sphenoid ostium lies on the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus at the level of the superior meatus - sphenoethmoidal recess Á¢Çü»ç°ñ ÇÔ¿ä

ºñ°­ ³»Ãøº® medial wall

ºñÁß°Ý nasal septum
1) septal cartilage = quatrilateral cartilage ºñÁß°Ý¿¬°ñ, ÄÚÁß°Ý¿¬°ñ
2) perpendicular plate of ethmoid »ç°ñ¼öÁ÷ÆÇ
3) vomer bone ¼­°ñ
4) nasal crest of maxilla bone
5) nasal crest of palatine bone ±¸°³°ñ
6) anterior wall of sphenoid bone = rostrum of sphenoid
rostrum: ºÎ¸®, ÁÖµÕÀÌ

¡¡

ºÎºñµ¿ÀÇ ÇØºÎ

°¡) »ó¾Çµ¿ (Maxillary sinus, Antrum of Highmore)

1) Ãâ»ý½Ã ¾È¿ÍÀÇ ³»Ãø¿¡ ÀÛÀº °ø°£À¸·Î Á¸Àç
2) ¼ºÀå¼Óµµ

2 mm ¼öÁ÷/³â
3 mm ÀüÈÄ/³â

3) »ó¾Çµ¿ ¹Ù´Ú°ú ºñ°­ ¹Ù´ÚÀÌ ³ôÀ̰¡ °°¾ÆÁö´Â ½Ã±â : 8¼¼ - 12¼¼
4) ¼ºÀå ¿Ï·á : 15 - 18 ¼¼

»ó¾Çµ¿ ¼¼Ã´ ¹× »ó¾Çµ¿°æ¼ú( maxillary sinoscopy)ÀÇ °æ·Î

1. Áߺñµµ
2. ÇϺñµµ
3. °ßÄ¡¿Í canine fossa

5) Shaeffer, J.P.:1920, using 150 skulls

¼ºÀÎÀÇ Å©±â = 34 mm (A-P) x 34 mm (height) x 23 mm (width)
¿ëÀû = 14.75ml / sinus

6) anterior fontanelle°ú posterior fontanelle

»ó¾Çµ¿ÀÇ °³±¸ºÎ´Â °ñºÎ(osseous portion)´Â ±¸¸ÛÀÌ Å©³ª, ±× À§¿¡ µ¤ÇôÀÖ´Â ¸·ºÎ(membranous portion)°¡ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» µ¤°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ »À´Â ¾ø°í Á¡¸·À¸·Î¸¸ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¸·ºÎ¸¦ ÀüÈÄ·Î ³ª´©¾î anterior fontanelle°ú posterior fontanelleÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate - uncinate process of ethmoid¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î anterior¿Í posterior fontanelle·Î ³ª´¶´Ù.

a. sinus ostium(natural ostium, ÀÚ¿¬±¸) - anterior fontanelle¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϸç, Á¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ±¸»óµ¹±â¿¡ °¡·Á ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ³»½Ã°æÀ¸·Î´Â ºñ°­³»¿¡¼­ °üÂûÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
Å©±â : 4 mm (diameter) x 3 mm - 1 cm (length)

b. most nerves and blood vessels enter the sinus by way of the ostium or the membranous portion of the nasoantral wall

c. accessory ostia(ºÎ±¸)
20 - 50 %
ÀÚ¿¬±¸º¸´Ù ÁÖ·Î µÚ·Î À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù.

7) »ó¾Ç Á¦ 2 ¼Ò±¸Ä¡ 2nd bicuspid¿Í Á¦ 1 ´ë±¸Ä¡1st molar
»ó¾Çµ¿ ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ Ä¡±ÙÀÌ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
Ä¡¼º»ó¾Çµ¿¿°(dental maxillary sinusitis)ÀÇ ¿øÀÎ

8) infraorbital nerve:
pass inferior to the orbital floor
may be damaged by curettage when
Caldwell - Luc operation

³ª) »ç°ñµ¿(Ethmoid sinus)

1) Ãâ»ý½Ã Á¸Àç
»çÃá±â±îÁö ¹ß´Þ
7 ¼¼ - ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç°ñµ¿ÀÇ °ø°£ÀÌ ¼ºÀå
12 - 14 ¼¼ - ¼ºÀå ¿Ï·á

2) ethmoid cells
smaller in anterior group - more vulnerable to mucocele formation

3) ethmoid bone= box ·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é ÆíÇÏ´Ù
¾ÕÀÌ Á¼°í (Æø 0.5cm), µÚ°¡ ³ÐÀº (Æø 1.5 cm), ²ÀÁö°¡ À߸° ÇǶó¹Ìµå°¡ ¿·À¸·Î ´©¿î »óŸ¦ »ó»óÇϽÿÀ.
¿ëÀû : 7 cc / side
¼ö : 2-10 °³ cells

ÇØºÎÇÐ ¿ë¾î Á¤¸®

»ç°ñ(ethmoid bone)³» ±¸Á¶¹°

cribriform plate »ç°ñÆÇ,»ç»óÆÇ = lamina cribrosa
lateral lamella of limina cribrosa »ç°ñÆÇ ÃøÆÇ =medial cranial wall(Takahashi)
perpendicular plate ¼öÁ÷ÆÇ
lamina papyracea ÁöÆÇ
fovea ethmoidalis »ç°ñ¿Í, »ç°ñ¿À¸ñ
concha media Áߺñ°©°³, Áß¼±¹Ý
crista galli °è°ü, º²µ¹±â
uncinate process ±¸»óµ¹±â
lamina papyracea ÁöÆÇ

a. õÁ¤(À§)

fovea ethmoidalis »ç°ñ¿Í
ÇöÀç foveolae ethmoidalis ·Î ºÎ¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.
¼öÆòÀÌ ¾Æ´Ô, µÚ¿¡¼­ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¾à 15µµ Á¤µµ »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â °æ»ç¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ.
fovea ethmoidalis¿Í medial cranial wall
fovea ethmoidalisÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ºÎÀ§´Â frontal boneÀÇ nasal extensionÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, medial ºÎÀ§´Â lateral lamina of lamina cribrosa(=medial crainial wall)·Î ±¸¼º µÇ¾î Àִµ¥, À̺ÎÀ§·Î anterior ¿Í posterior ethmoidal artery°¡ Áö³ª°¡¸ç ÀÌ lateal lamina´Â µÎ²²°¡ ¾ã±â(1/10 of frontal bone)¶§¹®¿¡ ¼ö¼ú½Ã duraÀÇ ³ëÃâ ¹×CSF leakageÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Keros type 1, 2, 3 see Fig.

b. ¿ÜÃø

lamina papyracea or os planum
ÁöÆÇ(lamina papyracea)
µÎ²²°¡ Á¾ÀÌó·³ ¾ã´Ù. ¼ö¼ú½Ã injury¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸é ¾È±¸³» medial rectus muscle injury³ª orbital hematoma°¡ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
°æ°è
ˤ frontal bone
¾Õ lacrimal bone ´©°ñ
¾Æ·¡ maxilla
µÚ lesser wing of sphenoid

c. ¾Õ
lacrimal bone °ú frontal process of maxilla

lacrimal boneÀÇ ÀÓ»óÀû ÀÇÀÇ
pneumatized with the group of anterior extramural ethmoid cells =
ºñÁ¦ºÀ¼Ò(agger nasi cells) - nasofrontal duct °¡ ¾Æ·¡·Î Áö³ª°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Endoscopic DCR(dacryocystorhinostomy)½Ã ºñ°­³»·ÎÀÇ opening route

d. µÚ
posterior wall of posterior ethmoid sinuses

e. ¾Æ·¡¿Í ³»Ãø
upper medial part of maxillary sinus¿Í
middle, superior and supreme turbinate
basal lamella (񃒀) = ground lamella = the 3rd lamella (IIIgl)
supports for turbinates
basal lamella of middle turbinate = Àü - ÈÄ »ç°ñµ¿ÀÇ °æ°è : Áß¿ä

4) uncinate process(±¸»óµ¹±â, infundibular wall)
part of ethmoid bone
2-4 m mm in height
uncinate= °¥°í¸®¸ð¾çÀÇ= ÏÉßÒ

5) bulla ethmoidalis(»ç°ñ¹úÁýÀ¶±â,»ç°ñÆ÷)
2-3 mm posterior to the uncinate

6) hiatus semilunaris(¹Ý´ÞÆ´»õ, ¹Ý¿ù¿­°ø)

= hiatus semilunaris inferior
1.5-2 cm in length
2 dimensionsal concept, imaginary plane

infundibulum(´©µÎºÎ)

a intervening space between uncinate process and anterior / inferior wall of bulla ethmoidalis
3 dimensional concept

lateral sinus(by Grunwald)

= recessus suprabullaris(by Hajek)
= hiatus semilunaris superior

bulla ethmoidalisÀÇ ÈĻ󹿰ú middle turbinate»çÀÌÀÇ °ø°£À¸·Î frontal recess¿Í¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

°æ°è
³»Ãø middle turbinate
¿ÜÃø lamina papyracea
ˤ roof of the ethmoid
µÚ ground lamella of middle turbinate
¾Õ°ú ¾Æ·¡ roof and posterior wall of ethmoid bullae

7) ethmoid cells »ç°ñºÀ¼Ò, »ç°ñ¹úÁý

a. anterior group Àü»ç°ñºÀ¼Ò

1. frontal recess cells(ÀüµÎ¿ÍºÀ¼Ò)
2. frontal bullar cells infundibullar cells(´©µÎºÀ¼Ò) : 1 - 4 in number
3. ethmoid bullar cell(concha bullosa, Áߺñ°©°³ºÀ¼Ò)
4. agger nasi cells (ethmoid air cells in lacrimal bone) : the most anterior ethmoid cell

b. posterior group ÈÄ»ç°ñºÀ¼Ò
i) intramural cells - air cells in the ethmoid bone
ii) extramural cells - expand beyond the confines of ethmoid bone into
the sphenoid, palatine, maxilla and middle turbinate

Haller's cell = infraorbital cell¡¡¡¡¡¡
ethmoidal cell above maxillary sinus ostium

Onodi's cell = sphenoethmoidal cell

Onodi - Hungarian doctor
the sphenoid sinus may be bypassed to the same extent superiorly by
ethmoid cells
dangerous due to close relationship with optic nerve
optic nerve´Â posterior ethmoid sinusÀÇ ÈÄ»óÃø¹æ(postero-superior lateral directon)À¸·Î Áö³ª°£´Ù. = optic eminence, eminential optica(Takahashi)

¡¡

´Ù) ÀüµÎµ¿(Frontal sinus)

1) 1 ¼¼ ¸»
pneumatization ÇÔ±âÈ­ ½ÃÀÛ

3 °¡Áö ÇÔ±âÈ­ ±âÀü

1) by expansion of frontal recess in the upper anterior portion of the
infundibulum
2) by development of one of the frontal cells
3) by growth and expansion of bullar cell

6 ¼¼ - X - ¼±»ó¿¡ º¸ÀÓ
15 - 20¼¼¿¡ ¿Ï¼º

2) ¿ëÀû: 6 - 7 cc/ sinus - °³ÀÎÂ÷°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ½ÉÇÏ´Ù( 0 - 15 cc) .
intersinus septum À¸·Î ¾çÃøÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®

3) frontal ostium and frontonasal duct

located in anteriorsuperior part of the ethmoid infundibulum
ºñÀüµÎ°üÀÇ ¸íĪÀº ±× ±æÀ̸¦ 3 mm¸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î °ü ȤÀº ±¸·Î ¸í¸í

80% frontonasal duct > 3 mm
20% frontal ostium < 3 mm

4) ÀüµÎµ¿ÀÇ °³±¸ºÎÀ§- ´Ù¾ç(Hollinshead)

50% in front of hiatus semilunaris
22% at anterior end of hiatus semilunaris
26% in the anterior 1/4 of hiatus semilunaris
2% above hiatus semilunaris

5) frontal recess ÀüµÎÇÔ¿ä, ÀüµÎ¿À¸ñ

°æ°è

¾Õ agger nasi
µÚ ethmoid bulla and
basal lamella
³»Ãø middle turbinate
¿ÜÃø lamina papyracea
ˤ ethmoid roof

¶ó) Á¢Çüµ¿(Sphenoid sinus)

1) Ãâ»ý½Ã Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½
3 ¼¼Àü¿¡´Â Å©±â°¡ ÀÛ´Ù.
12 -15 ¼¼¿¡ ¿Ï¼º
¾çÂÊÀÌ thin bony partition ȤÀº septumÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®- °ÅÀÇ ºñ´ëĪ

2) sphenoethmoidal recess Á¢Çü»ç°ñÇÔ¿ä, Á¢»çÇÔ¿ä, Á¢Çüµ¿ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ ¹è¼³·Î

3) ostium

¸ð¾ç
round 70% mean diameter 2.4 mm (0.5 - 4 mm)
elliptical 30%

À§Ä¡
10-15 mm above the floor of the sinus
8 mm below cribriform plate
5 mm lateral to the nasal septum
7 cm posterior to the anterior nasal spine

4) ÇÔ±âÈ­¿¡ µû¸¥ cell type

conchal 3 %
presellar 23.8 %
sellar 28.6 %
postsellar 47.6 %
°æÁ¢Çüµ¿ Á¢±Ù¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Ã»óÇϺΠ¼ö¼ú½Ã ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù.

5) ¿ëÀû = 7.5 cc ( 0 - 14 cc/ 0.05 - 30 cc)
sphenoid sinus absent 1 - 1.5 %

6) ÁÖÀ§±¸Á¶¹°
lateral to sinus
optic nerve
internal carotid artery

Ostiomeatal unit(Naumann)

ostium + middle meatusÀÇ ÇÕ¼º¾î, Naumann, H.H. 1965
middle meatus + anterior ethmoid complex
frontal sinus¿Í maxillary sinusÀÇ ostiumÀÌ ¿­¸°´Ù.
bacteria, viruses, allergic particles, dust particles, air pollutantant chemicals µîÀÇ deposit¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÌ ºÎÀ§ÀÇ inflammation ¹×edema°¡ ¿À°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ºñ°­ Á¡¾×¼¶¸ð¼ö¼Û (mucociliary transport)ÀÌ ¸·È÷°Ô µÇ°í, µû¶ó¼­ Áߺñµµ·Î °³±¸µÇ´Â ÀüµÎµ¿ ¹× »ó¾Çµ¿ ÀÇ È¯±â¿Í ¹è¼³ÀÌ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Ô µÇ¾î °á±¹ ºÎºñµ¿¿°ÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÈ´Ù.
±â´ÉÀû ³»½Ã°æÀû ºÎºñµ¿ ¼ö¼ú(FESS, functional endoscopic sinus surgery)ÀÇ º¸Á¸ÀûÀÎ ¼ö¼úÀû óġµµ ÀÌ Àü»ç°ñµ¿À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ostiomeatal unitÀ» °³¹æ ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ÀüµÎµ¿°ú »ó¾Çµ¿ÀÇ È¯±â ¹× ¹è¼³ÀÌ ¿øÈ°ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ºÎºñµ¿ ÁúȯÀÌ Ä¡·áµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ºñ-ºÎºñ°­ÀÇ Ç÷°üºÐÆ÷

µ¿¸Æ

1) external supply
facial artery ECA

2) internal supply
sphenopalatine artery internal maxillary artery(IMA) ECA
anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery ophthalmic artery ICA
branches of sphenopalatine artery
posterior lateral nasal branch
posterior septal branch
Kiesselbach's plexus
- anterior epistaxis

Á¤¸Æ

1) ethmoidal vein ophthalmic vein cavernous sinus superior and inferior petrosal sinus sigmoid sinus IJV
2) facial vein IJV
3) pterygoid plexus IJV
4) pharyngeal plexus IJV

¡¡

ºñ-ºÎºñ°­ÀÇ ½Å°æºÐÆ÷

ÀÏ¹Ý Áö°¢
V1
nasociliary branch - ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
V2
nasopalatine branch : septum
posterior superior lateral nasal branch : turbinate and meatus of lateral nasal wall
posterior inferior lateral nasal branch: turbinate and meatus of lateral nasal wall
anterior superior alveolar nerve: floor and inferior meatus

ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ

±³°¨½Å°æ
-vasomotor activity
vasoconstriction and inhibition of secretion
first to fifth thoracic segments of spinal cord superior cervical sympathetic ganglion(=stellate ganglion,àøßÒï½), synapse deep petrosal nerve (post-ganglionic fiber) nerve of pterygoid canal(Vidian nerve) pterygopalatine ganglion, most synapse but some bypass nasal cavity along blood vesseles

ºÎ±³°¨½Å°æ
- secretory activity
supplement secretory and vasodilation
nucleus lacrimomuconasalis nervus intermedius geniculate ganglion (facial nere) greater superficial petrosal nerve nerve of pterygoid canal(Vidian nerve) pterygopalatine ganglion(sphenopalatine ganglion), synapse nasal cavity
À͵¹±¸°³¿Í (Pterygopalatine fossa)


°ñÇÐ(Osteology)


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1) À͵¹»ó¾Ç¿­ ptergyomaxillary fissure - ¿ÜÃø
2) Á¢Çü±¸°³°ø sphenopalatine foramen - ³»Ãø
3) ÇϾȿͿ­ inferior orbital fissure - À§
4) ´ë±¸°³°ø greater palatine foramen °ú
5) ¼Ò±¸°³°ø lesser palatine foramen - ¾Æ·¡
6) Á¤¿ø°ø foramen rotundum °ú
7) À͵¹°ø pterygoid foramen - µÚ

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rotund Á¤¿ø, ¿øÇü
ovale ³­¿ø,Ÿ¿øÇü
Gasserian ganglion - trigeminal ganglion
pterygoid canal - pterygoid foramen

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À§¿¡¼­ ºÎÅÍ
Superficial temporal
Transverse facial
Internal Maxillary
Posterior auricular
Facial
Occipital
Lingual
Ascending pharyngeal
Superior thyroidal

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related to anterior cranial fossa

1) cribriform plate - olfactory nerve

2) anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen - anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery and nerve( V1, nasociliary)

related to middle cranial fossa

1) optic foramen - optic nerve, opthalmic artery

2) superior orbital fissure

lateral part

superior ophthalmic vein
lacrimal nerve V1
frontal nerve V1
trochlear nerve ȰÂ÷½Å°æ

medial part

abducens=abducent nerve ¿Ü¼±½Å°æ
oculomotor nerve
nasociliary nerve V1

3) inferior orbital fissure

4) foramen rotundum - maxillary nerve V2

5) foramen ovale - mandibular nerve V3

6) foramen spinosum - recurrent branch of mandibular nerve - meningeal branch, middle meningeal artery( internal maxillary artery ECA)

7) foramen lacerum and carotid canal - internal carotid artery, sympathetic carotid plexus

8) hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
9) hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve

related to posterior fossa

1) foramen magnum

medulla oblongata, spinal part of accessory nerve, vertebral artery, anterior and posterior spinal arteries

2) hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve

3) jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, inferior petrosal sinus, internal jugular vein
posterior meningeal artery (ascending pharyngeal ECA)

4) internal acoustic meatus
facial nerve, acoustic nerve = vestibulocochlear nerve, labyrinthine artery and vein

related to skull base

1) stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve,stylomastoid artery posterior auricular or occipital artery ECA

2) petrotympanic fissure
anterior tympanic artery, chorda tympani nerve

3) greater and lesser palatine foramen
greater and lesser palatine foramen

4) incisive foramen
nasopalatine artery and nerve

others

1) ptrygoid canal
nerve of pterygoid canal = Vidian nerve
= greater petrosal nerve + deep petrosal nerve

2) infraorbital foramen
infraorbital nerve V2

3) sphenopalatine foramen
sphenopalatine artery, branches of sphenopalatine nerve,
lateral posterior superior(short sphenopalatine + superior nasal)
medial posterior superior(septal = nasopalatine)


go to "Functions of Paranasal Sinuses"(click here)

go to "Paranasal Sinuses, Anatomy and Nomenclature" for further study(click here)

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